Cuba  and  the  Conditions. 


AN  ADDRESS 


The  Rev.  W.  H.  McGEE^  Missionary, 

IN  HAVANA,  CUBA, 

BEFORE 

THE  MISSIONARY  COUNCIL, 

LOUISVILLE,  KY. 

October  23d,  1900. 


AMERICAN  CHURCH  MISSIONARY  SOCIETY, 

CHURCH  MISSIONS  HOUSE,  NEW  YORK  CITY. 


Digitized  by  the  Internet- Archive 
in  2018  with  funding  from 
Columbia  University  Libraries 


https://archive.org/details/cubaconditionsadOOmcge 


The  Work  in  Cuba. 


REV.  W.  H  McGKE’s  ADDRESS  AT  THE  MISSIONARY  COUNCIL. 


In  obeying  the  call  of  the  Church,  as  conveyed  to  him 
by  your  x\ssociate  Secretary,  to  “make  statement  concern¬ 
ing  the  work  in  Cuba,”  it  is  natural  to  believe  that  a  two¬ 
fold  duty  was  imposed  upon  the  speaker.  He  must  give 
brief  account  of  the  “acts”  in  this  most  “neighborly”  of 
our  foreign  fields  -the  things  done  there  since  last  the 
whole  Church  met  “for  to  consider”  her  Missionary  work. 
And  he  must  strive  as  of  the  ability  God  giveth  to  lay  be¬ 
fore  the  Church’s  representatives  the  things  undone  to¬ 
day — the  opportunities  that  may  not  wait  our  tardy  leisure 
to  embrace,  but  yet  shall  one  day  work  our  corporate  re¬ 
sponsibility  in  God’s  own  sight  to  the  peoples  that  sit  in 
darkness,  being  ignorant  of  His  word. 

Tlie  changes  that  mark  the  year  since  this  Council  last 
met,  on  the  Church’s  part,  have  been  few  and  nothing  rad¬ 
ical,  though  the  changed  and  changing  conditions  in  the 
state  have  affected  the  work  in  some  respects  to  no  incon¬ 
siderable  degree 

No  new  points  have  been  reached  during  the  twelve 
months  past,  but  it  is  expected  that  work  will  be  begun  at 
Santiago  de  Cuba  within  the  current  year  under  an  admir¬ 
able  leader  already  in  the  island. 

At  Bolondron,  which  was  occupied  by  the  Church  a  few 
months  before  the  meeting  of  the  last  Missionary  Council, 
most  encouraging  results  have  followed.  A  confirmation 
class  of  forty  four  (44)  was  presented  to  Bishop  Whitaker 
on  his  visitation  in  January  last — remarkable,  not  so  much 
for  this  goodly  number  who  responded  to  six  months  of 
faithful  labor,  as  for  the  material  which  made  up  the 
class  ;  practically  all  adults,  and  of  such  character  as  gives 
promise  both  of  future  classes  equally  good  and  of  speedy 
self-support.  The  local  Orphanage,  a  private  institution, 
was  wisely  abandoned  this  past  spring,  and  some  fourteen 


4 


(14)  homeless  and  friendless  g-irls  were  transferred  to  the 
Orphanao^e  maintained  by  the  Society  at  Matanzas,  while 
the  transfer  of  a  like  number  from  tlie  “  Bandera  de  Jesus  ” 
at  Havana  marks  the  discontinuance  of  that  signally  suc¬ 
cessful  work,  and  the  loss  to  the  Church  of  a  golden  op¬ 
portunity.  But  best  of  all  things  to  be  reported  of  the 
Cuban  Mission,  the  present  inadequate  and  unsuitable 
quarters  for  the  chapel  will  soon  give  place  to  a  building 
consecrated  to  the  “honor  and  worship  ”  of  God.  Appro¬ 
priation  has  already  been  made,  and  the  title  to  the  land 
conveyed  to  the  Church  ;  and  surely  we  must  rejoice  with 
the  Missionary  at  Bolondron  and  with  his  faithful  flock 
that  the  front  room  in  his  own  hired  house,  too  small  for 
the  congregations  already  gathered  there,  while  cramping 
his  family  and  destroying  his  privacy,  will  give  place  to  a 
building  that  is  adapted  to  the  service  of  Almighty  God. 

At  Matanzas,  the  work  so  long  and  ably  conducted 
amidst  bitter  opposition  goes  on  apace.  And  still  it  wit¬ 
nesses  to  the  good  it  does  by  the  enemies  it  makes.  While 
impelled  by  the  example  of  our  Mission  there  to  make  at 
least  a  perfunctory  attempt  at  religious  education,  as  else¬ 
where,  Rome  negatives  the  abstract  teaching  by  the  evil  of 
her  concrete  action.  That  “persecution”  which  Christ 
promised  to  His  servants  here  on  earth,  endured  through 
sixteen  years  of  Spanish  domination  with  a  steadfastness 
that  brought  the  recognition  of  our  Missionary’s  worth 
and  wisdom,  still  dogs  his  steps  and  strives  to  thwart  his 
good  intent.  But  entrenched  in  the  love  and  respect  of 
his  townsmen,  no  permanent  harm  can  befall  tlie  work  ; 
and  the  Missionarv’s  trouble  is  referred  to  here  only  as 
evidence  of  what  Rome  would  do  were  the  power  to  harm 
in  her  hands.  Both  Sunday-school  and  day-school  have 
suffered  somewhat  on  this  account,  but  perhaps  even  more 
from  the  impetus  given  to  education  by  the  opening  of  the 
many  public  schools.  Even  the  effort  to  meet  the  free  dis¬ 
tribution  of  books  and  other  school  supplies  has  been  but 
partially  successful.  Nor  will  this  surprise  one  acquainted 
with  the  present  spirit  of  the  Cuban  people.  The  public 
school  system,  under  native  management,  is  a  tangible  evi¬ 
dence  of  that  freedom  and  independence  for  which  the 
island  has  longed  these  many  years,  and  for  the  purchase  of 
which  brave  Cuban  men  and  women  have  been  offering  up 
their  life’s  blood. 

No  wonder,  then,  that  it  makes  strong  appeal  to  Cuban 


0 


patriotism.  No  need  for  surprise  that  Matanzas  shall 
feel  the  effect  when  schools  most  admirably  conducted, 
offering  free  tuition  to  Havana’s  children,  as  Duarte  to 
Matanzas,  have  been  practically  forced  to  close  their 
doors.  Is  it  an  element  in  the  evangelizing  of  Cuba  that 
confronts  Christian  bodies  of  whatever  name?  It  hints  at 
the  solution  of  the  question  concerning  the  educational 
side  of  Mission  work  for  which  Havana  waits  -  the  confin¬ 
ing  of  effort  to  the  higher  education^  which  it  may  be  the 
public  schools  will  never  be  able  to  give.  But  hundreds 
to  whom  our  scliool  at  Mantanzas  has  opened  up  a  new 
world  in  the  thirteen  (13)  years  of  its  existence  still  live 
to  bless  those  efforts  ;  and  children’s  children  for  years  to 
come  will  testify  to  the  wisdom  which  conceived  the  idea 
of  that  school,  and  to  the  faith  and  love  and  untiring  de¬ 
votion  which  brought  it  into  being  and  sustained  its  life. 
That  same  spirit  of  consecration  has  blessed  the  Orphanage 
at  Matanzas — the  one  permanent  result  of  war’s  devasta¬ 
tion,  and  the  one  monument  that  will  bear  witness  to  the 
sympathy  of  the  Episcopal  Church  for  Cuba’s  orphaned 
thousands,  as  well  as  to  the  wisdom  that  marked  the  ex¬ 
penditure  of  the  Church’s  alms.  From  the  feeble  begin¬ 
ning  that  was  indicated  a  year  ago,  the  Palmira  Duarte 
Orphanage  has  grown  to  the  present  limit  of  its  capacity. 
About  fifty  children  enjoy  the  blessed  protection  of  that 
haven  for  God’s  little  one’s.  It  stands  to-day  acknowl¬ 
edged  first  of  all  the  homes  that  Christianity  has  opened 
to  those  whom  barbarous  warfare  had  made  homeless. 
Physical  care  that  beams  in  every  happy  face  ;  mental  care 
that  shines  forth  from  every  eye  ;  parental  love,  such  as 
few  of  that  band  could  have  had  from  those  who  brought 
them  into  the  world  ;  these  things  illustrate  God’s  care 
for  those  who  are  his  own,  and  show  to  the  people  among 
whom  they  live  the  Church’s  interpretation  of  the  “nurture 
and  admonition  of  the  Lord.’’  Surely  a  twofold  blessing 
must  result  from  this  labor  of  love — a  blessing  on  those 
who  give  and  those  who  take,  the  blessing  promised  by 
the  incarnate  Son  of  God,  when  he  said:  “Inasmuch  as 
ye  have  done  it  unto  one  of  the  least  of  these,  ye  have 
done  it  unto  me.’’  But  even  in  Matanzas,  the  first  field 
of  the  Church’s  effort,  and  the  only  one  where  the  Church 
has  even  remotely  attempted  an  adequate  presentation  of 
her  claims,  sectarian  pride,  if  such  it  be,  has  had  a  fall.  Is 
it  the  irony  of  fate  that  the  man  who  for  sixteen  years  has 


(j 


held  aloft  in  his  natal  city  the  banner  of  evangelical 
Christianity,  the  man  through  whom  came  the  edict  of  re¬ 
ligions  toleration  in  Cuba  and  Porto  Rico,  the  right,  so 
far  as  law  can  give  it,  to  preach  Jesus  Christ  to  a  people 
who  knew  Him  not,  is  it  the  irony  of  fate  or  because  some¬ 
body  blundered  that  Pedro  Duarte  should  see  another  lay 
in  Matanzas  as  the  fruit  of  eighteen  7nonths’  labor  the  cor¬ 
ner  stone  of  the  first  Protestant  Church  building  in  Cuba  ? 


A  CUBAN  AVENUE-THE  ROYAL  PALMS. 

Through  no  fault  or  failure  of  his  is  it  due  that  his  chapel 
and  his  school  room  are  under  the  roof  that  shelters  his 
head. 

Right  glad  he  was  to  get  that  much,  and  proud  that  his 
material  equipment  was  such  a  great  advance  over  that 
which  he  had  known  before.  But  the  “  outward  and  visi¬ 
ble  sign”  so  helpful  there  was  wanting,  and  men  might 
pass  that  door  time  and  again,  nor  ever  dream  that  a  Chris¬ 
tian  congregation  called  it  home.  Little  does  it  brook  to 


have  the  praise  of  man,  if  down  in  our  heart  of  hearts  we 
feel  the  lack  of  that  which  God  approves.  And  yet  it 
seems  liardly  just  and  ric^ht  that  faithful  labor  throngh 
many  years  should  be  robbed  of  the  satisfaction  that  all 
here  must  have  felt  had  the  credit  been  ours  that  will 
henceforth  belong  to  our  Methodist  brethren  of  putting 
up  the  first  Protestant  Churcli  building  on  the  island. 
May  God  help  them  tcj  use  this  great  advantage  thev  have 
wisely  won  to  the  honor  and  praise  of  Ilis  name. 

At  Havana  the  chapel  in  the  noisy  billiard  room  has 
given  place  to  the  “  Protestant  Cathedral  ’’  of  Cuba’s  capi¬ 
tal.  Such  it  was  dubbed  in  an  attack  upon  the  American 
Governor-General  for  allowing  us  the  use  of  the  building. 
You  will  note  the  aptness  of  the  title  when  you  recall  the 
cuts  of  the  soldiers’  barracks  which  filled  the  periodicals  a 
little  while  ago.  Great  as  is  the  improvement  over  the 
former  quarters,  rejoiced  as  our  congregation  was  to  make 
the  change,  and  thankful  to  “the  powers  that  be”  for 
making  it  a  possibility,  yet  facts  are  stubborn  things  ;  and 
it  is  a  fact  that  a  discontent  which  we  feel  is  godly  still  ex¬ 
ists  there. 

Conditions  are  not  ideal  yet.  The  building  is  a  typi¬ 
cal  government  structure,  frame,  with  a  corrugated  iron 
roof,  wainscoted  as  to  the  chapel  proper,  but  the  vestry 
and  school  room  in  the  rough.  A  coat  of  paint  and  the 
deft  hands  of  loving  women  have  given  it  the  appearance 
of  a  cheap  “  Mission  chapel  ”  of  the  olden  kind  —  of  the 
time  when  the  Church  was  making  no  great  impression  on 
“  the  other  half,’  because  the  very  buildings  emphasized 
the  difference  in  status  and  the  advantages  of  Church  and 
chapel  attendance.  And  the  improvement  in  the  location 
and  material  equipment  has  borne  legitimate  fruit  He 
who  has  ears  to  hear  can  now  hear  in  truth,  as  he  could 
not  where  we  were  before  ;  and  a  two  hundred  per  cent, 
increase  in  congregations  has  followed  the  change  from 
the  quarters  whence  the  yellow  fever  drove  us,  and  this, 
through  the  removal  of  all  the  soldiers  from  the  city,  has 
practically  eliminated  that  element  of  attendance,  and 
there  are  less  civilians  in  Havana  now  than  in  the  year 
last  past.  Surely  God  has  brought  good  out  of  seeming 
evil,  and  blessed  our  feeble  efforts  in  His  behalf.  But,  I 
repeat,  the  ideal  is  not  yet  actualized.  A  building  too 
warm  for  the  storage  of  bacon  is  no  inviting  place  in 
which  to  worship  God.  Even  the  Churchman  with  the 


8 


big  “C”  will  not  always  leave  the  breezy  shelter  of  his 
thick-walled  home  to  join  us,  and  what  shall  we  expect  of 
his  weaker  brother  in  the  faith  ?  Drying  out  in  the  sun  be¬ 
tween  service  and  Sunday-school,  when  the  breeze  has 
eluded  our  diminutive  chancel,  is  certainly  not  without  its 
drawbacks  !  But  the  physical  discomfort  is  quite  the 
least  of  our  troubles — would  that  we  might  reckon  on 
them  indefinitely  !  It  is  the  precarious  tenure  on  the 
chapel  that  oppresses  us,  the  ever  present  realization  that 
the  time  will  come  when  this  shelter  must  be  lost  to  us. 
Indeed,  so  must  it  have  been  months  ago,  did  we  not  share 
the  building  with  the  Department  of  Public  Instruction, 
which  uses  a  goodly  part  of  it  as  a  depot  for  school  sup- 
pi  ie§^ 

"’■^t  was  accepted  in  the  three  weeks  when  we  were 
homeless,  with  the  distinct  understanding  that  it  must  be 
given  up  on  demand,  with  a  well  meant  suggestion  that 
our  occupation  w'ould  probably  be  brief.  Earnest  attempts 
to  get  a  lease  on  the  property,  some  standing  room  that 
would  give  us  time  to  look  around  when  the  order  comes 
to  vacate,  proved  futile.  The  very  best  that  we  can  hope 
under  ordinary  circumstances  is  twenty-four  hours’  notice. 
The  personal  promise  of  General  Wood  to  advise  us  in  ad¬ 
vance,  if  possible  to  do  so,  keeps  the  uncertainty  of  our 
situation  from  being  really  oppressive.  When  we  recall 
the  unavailing  search  through  ten  months  of  last  year  for 
a  better  location  than  that  wretched  one  we  had — when  we 
note  the  exceeding  difficulty  that  other  bodies  have  had  to 
get  even  tolerable  quarters  for  their  work  in  Havana — it 
will  need  no  great  statesmanship  to  realize  that  a  serious 
problem  confronts  us  there,  and  one  for  which  the  methods 
followed  heretofore  can  offer  no  adequate  solution.  And 
a  suit  at  law  to  eject  our  soon  to-be-ordained  deacon  and 
present  lay  reader  at  Jesus  del  Monte  from  his  home  and 
chapel — the  culmination  of  petty  schemes  to  hinder  his 
faitliful  and  effective  labors  during  many  years— seems  to 
suggest  that  the  time  has  come  for  more  stable  effort  than 
is  possible  in  rented  halls  and  houses.  Will  the  duty  of 
the  United  States  have  been  fulfilled  when  she  gives  a 
civil  government  to  the  island  ?  Shall  American  Chris¬ 
tianity  be  content  to  leave  the  islanders  to  the  tender  iwer- 
cies  of  their  former  religious  guides?  Can  we  stand 
acquitted  in  the  sight  of  God  if  we  fail  to  make  the  honest 
effort  to  stem  the  tide  of  materialism  and  infidelity  that 


9 


tlireatens  to  engulf  her  ignorant  masses  ?  Are  we  or  are 
we  not  our  Cuban  brother’s  keeper?  And  may  we  salve 
our  consciences  by  c  )mmitting  his  care  to  the  multitudi¬ 
nous  sects  that  are  now  pouring  in  to  bewilder  his  already 
puzzled  brain  as  to  the  meaning  of  “  Christianity  ”  ?  Shall 
we,  the  pioneers  in  Cuba,  sit  idly  by  and  see  the  land  pre¬ 
empted  by  bodies  that  put  forth  no  effort  to  “  save  ”  till 
the  American  occxipation  was  an  accomplished  fact?  Sim¬ 
ple  justice  to  those  who  bore  the  burden  and  heat  of  the 
day  forbids  such  abandonment  of  the  fruits  of  that  toil¬ 
some  sowing.  And  again  :  Our  fitness  to  give  these  sheep 
of  God  a  true  Catholicism  but  adds  to  our  responsibility 
to  do  what  we  can.  Our  Apostolic  order  ;  our  prayer 
book  that  breathes  in  every  line  that  faith  once  for  all  de¬ 
livered  to  the  saints  ;  our  insistence  on  those  elements  of 
Christian  doctrine  and  worship  that  we  hold  in  trust  from 
the  undivided  Churcli  ;  our  negation  of  modern  accretions 
that  have  proved  antagonistic  to  Christian  morals  and 
been  used  as  potent  weapons  of  clerical  oppression  ;  these 
things  make  strong  appeal  to  the  godly  Cuban,  and  give 
to  the  Episcopal  Church  a  coigne  of  vantage  that  the  bald 
extemporaneous  form  can  never  secure.  The  work  to  be 
done  will  require  the  expenditure  of  no  mean  effort.  If 
that  work  is  worth  doing  at  all,  it  is  worth  doing  well  ; 
and  men  of  position  in  other  Christian  bodies  frankly  con¬ 
fess  that  none  can  do  in  Cuba  what  the  Episcopal  Church 
is  fitted  to  accomplisli.  It  is  an  honest  confession  of  an 
actual  condition  in  view  of  a  crying  need.  But  each  day 
of  delay  in  meeting  that  need  increases  the  difficulty  of 
the  work  and  postpones  the  consummation  of  our  hopes 
and  prayers. 

If  we  compare  our  four  Presbyters  in  Cuba  with  the 
magnitude  of  the  work  among  its  million  and  a  half  of 
I)eople,  is  it  doubt  of  God’s  part  in  what  we  do  that  sug¬ 
gests  the  cry  “  What  are  they  among  so  many?”  The  five 
barley  loaves  and  two  small  fishes  were  all  that  humanity 
had  to  give  ;  but  who  shall  say  that  the  Churcli  has  ex¬ 
hausted  her  resources  when  she  provides  the  maintenance 
of  this  small  band?  And  even  were  she  to  double  the 
number,  if  the  work  is  to  be  carried  on  as  it  is  to-day,  the 
conversion  of  Cuba  to  righteousness  must  still  remain, 
from  our  human  point  of  view,  an  “iridescent  dream.” 
Do  we  rely  on  “  miracles”  for  our  parish  work  at  home? 
And  if  not,  are  we  wise  to  depend  on  God’s  signal  inter- 


10 


vention  to  accomplish  abroad  what  our  own  intelligent 
efforts  should  bring  forth  ?  It  was  not  Moses’  rod  that 
brought  relief  to  famislnng  Israel,  though  Go  1  demanded 
that  their  leader  strike  the  rock  before  its  waters  should 
gush  forth.  And  so  to  day  he  demands  our  consecrated 
means  to  garner  the  harvests  that  still  are  His  very 
own. 

For  many  months  appeal  has  been  made  to  the  Church 
as  opportunity  offered  to  accomplish  a  plan  that  promises 
the  best  and  most  permanent  and  most  immediate  ‘‘re¬ 
sults.”  It  was  the  purchase  of  a  good  site  and  the  erection 
of  a  distinctivelv  Church  building  in  Havana.  Let  no  one 
believe  for  an  instant  that  local  pride  suggested  the  idea, 
nor  the  desire  to  afford  to  expatriated  American  Church¬ 
men  the  accustomed  worship  of  home.  It  was  the  belief 
that  so  the  whole  island  would  benefit  that  the  inconceiva¬ 
ble  ignorance  as  to  “Protestantism  ”  would  be  dissipated  ; 
that  Cubans  who  refuse  to  come  to  rented  rooms  might  be 
led  to  investigate  this  body  that  worshipped  in  a  Church, 
and  the  increasing  numbers  who  longed  to  know  the  truth 
might  find  with  us  their  spiritual  home.  Is  it,  indeed,  a 
dream  ?  Or  do  we  speak  the  “words  of  truth  and  sober¬ 
ness”  when  we  say  that  no  step  to  be  taken  for  the  evan¬ 
gelization  of  the  island  can  transcend  in  importance  this 
one — a  step,  I  repeat,  not  for  Havana  alone,  but  to  make 
Protestantism  in  the  whole  island  of  Cuba  7-espcctabIe.  And 
such  a  work  is  not  one  of  supererogation  may  not  be 
doubted  when  a  common  question  asked  of  the  Missionary 
is.  Do  Protestants  believe  in  God  and  Christ  ?  Will  the 
Church  believe  our  report  ?  Will  she  recognize  the  need 
and  do  this  thing?  We  ask  it  with  less  hesitation  than  we 
did  a  year  ago.  We  are  backed  now  by  the  statesmanship 
of  the  Bishop  of  New  York  ;  by  the  consecrated  wisdom 
of  the  Bishop  of  Minnesota  ;  by  the  practical  experience 
which  years  in  the  field  has  given  to  the  Presbyter  in 
charge  of  the  Mexican  work.  May  we  hope  for  what  men 
call  “success”  in  these  Latin- American  Missions  without 
those  Church  buildings  for  which  the  people  look  ?  And 
all  three  answer.  Nay. 

We  neither  ask  nor  want  a  great  cathedral.  That  will 
come,  we  believe,  in  time  and  in  the  ordinary  course, 
whatever  the  political  fate  of  Cuba  may  be.  We  want  a 
chapel  that  will  attract  the  Cuban  of  the  better  sort,  on 
whom  the  future  self-support  of  the  work  depends,  just  as 


11 


the  shining  cross  at  every  service  in  that  wooden  ware¬ 
house  now  draws  his  unlettered  brother  and  makes  him 
bare  the  head.  None  who  sees  that  mute  witness  to  our 
claim  to  be  a  “  Church  ”  can  doubt  what  the  result  will  be 
when  there,  as  at  home,  we  “  worship  the  Lord  in  the 
beauty  of  holiness.” 

A  chapel  such  as  becometh  Him  we  serve  to  grow  by 
and  by  into  the  larger  Church  !  And  a  site  where  our 
light  can  never  be  hid  ;  where  the  “  open  Church  ”  will  in¬ 
vite  inspection,  and  it  may  be  that  even  they  who  come  to 
mock  will  remain  to  pray  !  And  room  for  growth  on  all 
sides,  for  the  schools  that  will  give  to  the  Cuban  child  at 
home  the  education  he  now  must  seek  abroad,  for  the 
parish  house  that  will  train  to  Christian  work  and  be  the 
centre  of  manifold  activities,  our  “  beacon  that  is  set  on  a 
hill,”  and  it  may  be  for  the  rectory  or  the  future  Episcopal 
residence  !  Why  should  it  not  be  so  in  a  city  that  even 
now  gives  shelter  to  nearly  250,000  persons  ?  As  we  sow 
we  shall  reap.  And  whether  we,  who  are  best  fitted  to  do 
it,  or  whether  we  leave  the  privilege  of  doing  to  another 
body,  the  faith  and  the  zeal  that  will  lay  hold  on  the  op¬ 
portunity  now  given  in  Havana,  spending  not  lavishly, 
but  with  intelligent  discernment  of  the  need,  shall  in  no¬ 
wise  lose  their  reward.  Sure  it  is  that  God  sees  the  crying 
need  of  light  in  Cuba  as  no  mere  man  can  see,  and  wills 
that  the  gospel  of  His  crucified  Son  shall  dissipate  its 
spiritual  gloom.  Is  it  less  sure  that,  it  we  obey  His  call, 
the  promised  blessing  will  be  ours?  “Prove  me  now 
herewith,  said  the  Lord  of  hosts,  if  I  will  not  open  you  the 
windows  of  heaven  and  pour  you  out  a  blessing  that  there 
shall  not  be  room  enough  to  receive  it.”  (Malachi  3:10.) 


^!i'i  V.’V^J  t  -  '.' 

ihi ;. .  /' 


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